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Kenneth J. Arrow, a Nobel Laureate in economics, introduced the concept of ‘Learning by Doing’ to explain how technical change and productivity improvements emerge from practical experience in production. According to Arrow, as firms and workers produce goods, they don’t just repeat tasks—they gain knowledge, refine processes, and innovate. This hands-on experience leads to greater…
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The Trump administration’s tariffs are a bold gamble with significant trade-offs. On the upside, they could revitalize domestic industries, strengthen labor’s bargaining power, and push for fairer global trade. On the downside, they risk higher prices, lower corporate profits, and a destructive trade war. Their success depends on smart execution and effective integration with policies…
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The financial market is a vast arena where participants buy and sell securities based on their beliefs and financial needs. While some investors prefer active management, which deviates from market weights, others opt for passive management, which mirrors the market weights. The concept of active versus passive management has been a topic of debate for…
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The open-end mutual fund structure has been around since the 18th century, thanks to a Dutch merchant. Mutual funds were introduced to the United States in the 1890s and gained popularity in the 1920s. The modern mutual fund has forgone additional changes to satisfy regulations. Currently, most retail assets are managed in open-end mutual funds.…
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ETF expense ratios are usually significantly lower than similar mutual fund competitors. That’s not surprising, given ETF providers do not have to perform in-house accounting, budget for marketing costs, and pay enormous fees for asset managers. But not all ETFs cost the same for issuers to manage because of differences in methodology, liquidity, and composition.…